Which convention deals with the unification of rules related to damage caused by aircraft to third parties on the surface?

The convention that deals with the unification of rules related to damage caused by aircraft to third parties on the surface is the Rome Convention. This convention was established to address liability issues arising from incidents where aircraft cause harm to people or property on the ground. It sets forth a legal framework for determining when an aircraft operator is liable for damages and establishes certain protections and limits for both operators and victims.

By providing a standardized approach, the Rome Convention aims to facilitate international travel and commerce by clarifying the legal responsibilities associated with air travel, thus encouraging compliance and cooperation among different jurisdictions. This is particularly important in an era of increasing global air traffic and potential for cross-border incidents.

The other conventions listed, while significant in their own rights, do not specifically focus on ground damages caused by aircraft. For example, the Guadalajara Convention addresses liability in international air transport, including passenger and cargo issues, while the Hague and Tokyo Conventions deal more with the safety of civil aviation and air piracy, respectively. Therefore, the Rome Convention is the correct response for this question regarding surface damage caused by aircraft.